The Manufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry Nike...

The Manufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry: Nike vs. the Competition Steven Van Dusen The current manufacturing practices of the sneaker industry, in particular companies such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Converse, and New Balance, takes place throughout the globe. With the industry experiencing severe competition, and the product requiring intensive labor, firms are facing extreme pressure to increase their profit margins through their sourcing practices. The following paper will analyze the sneaker industry, while examining the multitude of viable manufacturing options, and critiquing their current manufacturing structure. Footwear Industry – Players, Revenues, Market Share To properly review the manufacturing in the†¦show more content†¦As the economy develops along with the skill of manufacturing, countries begin moderately technical light manufacturing, which includes footwear, outerwear and, performance sportswear. The next step in this growth involves the production of technical consumer products such as radios, calculators, and wristwatches. With the most developed economies gaining high levels of technical expertise, manufacturing grows to include technical durables, which includes automobiles and computers. This progression represents the advancement of economies throughout the world today, and provides the reasoning behind sneaker companies manufacturing beginning in the United States and Germany, and passing through Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, to its present day central areas of China, Indonesia, and Vietnam. As these three countries progress over the next decade, and large amounts of new capital is pumped into their economies, their st andard of living will rise along with their manufacturing expertise. Companies will be forced to relocate their manufacturing in countries such as Cambodia, Pakistan, and underdeveloped regions of Africa in search of lower wages. Nike Nike currently enjoys a 47% market share of the domestic footwear industry, with sales of $3.77 billion. Nike has been manufacturing throughout the Asian region for over twenty-five years, and there are over 500,000 people todayShow MoreRelatedManufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry: Nike vs. the Competition2300 Words   |  10 Pagestrends surging through popular culture, none is more prevalent than flashy footwear. Mainly with athletic sneakers, the footwear industry has experienced a major influx in the demand for the output of iconic shoes. The current manufacturing practices of the sneaker industry, in particular companies such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, and New Balance, takes place all over the globe. With the industry experiencing severe competition and the product requiring intensive labor, firms are facing extreme pressureRead MoreNike and What It Does to Third World Countrys1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Manufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry: Nike vs. th e Competition The current manufacturing practices of the sneaker industry, in particular companies such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Converse, and New Balance, takes place throughout the globe. With the industry experiencing severe competition, and the product requiring intensive labour, firms are facing extreme pressure to increase their profit margins through their sourcing practices. The following paperRead MoreNike Report13324 Words   |  54 Pagesthe athletic footwear industry, and all aspects of its operations. It will focus on Nike, the industry’s leader, and a selected few of its competitors; Adidas-Salomon and Reebok, Sketchers, and K-Swiss. A brief overview of Nike and its competitor’s company profiles, brand portfolios, and current developments will provide an understanding that leads to an analysis of the external environment. This analysis further discusses the geographic distribution, general environment, industry environment usingRead Mor eSupply Chain Management - Nike Adidas4205 Words   |  17 PagesDeringer, 2007). Nike and Adidas are two global companies try to improve their competitive advantage through strategically managing and utilizing their supply chain. The purpose of this report is to compare and evaluate the supply chain management practices of Nike Adidas. 2. CORPORATE PROFILE 2.1 Nike Corporate Profile Based in Beaverton, Oregon, and employing approximately 29,000 people worldwide, Nike Inc. is the worlds leading designer and marketer of authentic athletic footwear, apparel, equipmentRead MoreMarket segmentation of the Nike company 3635 Words   |  15 PagesMarket segmentation of the Nike company Demographic  Segmentation Demography segmentation they include age, race, family income, and education level, among others.Besides, it was observed that the majority of the respondents consist of professional from various fields like engineers, software professionals, working executive etc. who effective form 38% of our database. While 36% were students from various fields. Others constitute designers and athletes etc. the further study is carried on the buyingRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Nike8813 Words   |  36 Pages------------------------------------------------- CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2.1. Vision amp; Mission 4 2.2. Company Portfolio 4 2.3. Nike Value Chain 6 2. Environment Analysis 3.4. Remote Environment Scan 7 3.5. Industry Environment Scan 10 3.6. Business Environment Analysis 11 3.7. Firm s Analysis - Strategic Capabilities 13 3. Strategy Read Morenike vs adidas Essay14192 Words   |  57 PagesVS 1 A COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATERGIES FOLLOWED BY NIKE AND ADIDAS TEAM MEMBERS ANUPAMA VENU CLAES JOTORP DEEPAK TUSHIR GUSTAV TENERZ SAIRAM KRISHNAN SANJAY SHARMA SUNANDA SURESH 09014 09126 09032 09128 09088 09090 09112 2 INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BRIEF ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY 1.2. BRIEF DEFINITON OF INDUSTRY 1.2.1.TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRY 1.2.2.MARKET ANALYSIS 1.2.3.MAJOR PLAYERS AND MARKET SHARES 1.3. MAJOR FORCES SHAPING THE INDUSTRY 1.3Read MoreNike Inc.: China Essay5605 Words   |  23 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 Section 5.1 | Opportunity ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Section 5.2 | China and the Beijing Olympic Games ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................16 Section 5.3 | Branding ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...16 Section 5.4 | Product Manufacturing and Company Structure ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 Section 5.5 | Problems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...17 Section 5.6 | Corporate Social Responsibility †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...17 Section 5.7 | Competitors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18 Section 5.8Read MoreA Financial Ratio Quarterly Trend Analysis of Nike, Inc.4463 Words   |  18 PagesA Financial Ratio Quarterly Trend Analysis of Nike, Inc. Stock Symbol: NKE Listed on the New York Stock Exchange In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Course: FIN 6406 Report Completed By: 1. Introduction A financial ratio quarterly trend analysis was completed to provide the reader with a clear assessment of the financial health of the company: NIKE International. Just knowing that this company chose a symbol that references the winged goddess of victory seems to have been aRead MoreComplete Project on Nike16139 Words   |  65 PagesA SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON MARKETING STRATEGY OF NIKE AT â€Å"NIKESHOES INDUSTRIES LIMITED† SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA) TRAINING SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED BY SESSION 2005-2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The present work is an effort to throw some light on Marketing Strategy of Nike at â€Å"Nike Industries Limited†. The work would not have been possible to come to the present shape without the able guidance, supervision and help

Happiness Is an Activity Essay - 1287 Words

In this paper I will discuss Aristotle’s claim that happiness is a kind of activity and not a momentary pleasure. Some people might worry that Aristotle is wrong in making this claim by presuming that happiness is a state of mind rather than a constant pursuit in which a person must actively strive for throughout the entirety of ones life. I will argue that Aristotle is correct when he declares that happiness is a kind of activity that we strive for and ultimately attain throughout the entirety of our lives rather than just a feeling or state that we happen to have at any given moment. First I will explain Aristotle’s view on happiness and then I will offer some objections to Aristotle’s claim that happiness is an activity. Finally, I will†¦show more content†¦It is the end that is pursued for the sake of itself that is the highest good. Aristotle explains, â€Å"Now happiness more than anything else seems complete without qualification, since we always choose it, and also choose it because of itself, never because of something else.† (Nicomachean Ethics 1097b 1-4). Here Aristotle shows us that the happiness that a person who lives a meaningful and excellent life possesses is a happiness that is much more than a momentary pleasure that is found and lost in a small amount of time. Aristotle explains that happiness is self-sufficient and is something that is continuously sought after in practice. He explains that in order for us to understand ultimate happiness, we must, â€Å"first find the function of a human being† (Nicomachean Ethics 1097b 25-26). The function of a human being, according to Aristotle, differs from every other natural organism that resides on Earth. We are unique in our ability to understand and reason (Nichomachean Ethics 1098b 8-9). Because we are capable of reasoning, we are able to learn from our mistakes and actively seek virtue based on our ability to understand the consequences of our actions. Children and animals differ in this respect because they are not capable of making rational decisions. Aristotle uses the example of the harpist to show that the function of the harpist is to play the harp and the function of the good harpist is to do it well. (Nicomachean Ethics1097b 8-12). AristotleShow MoreRelatedHappiness Is An Activity Of The Soul1449 Words   |  6 PagesExplain what it means for Aristotle to say that happiness is an activity of the soul. Why does he call this account an â€Å"ethics†? It is believed that the supreme good is happiness, although many people have trouble defining happiness. There are those who believe it has something to do with pleasure, while there are those who believe it has something to do with how well they live or do something. Everything we do has a telos, an end or a purpose. Happiness is construed as the final telos because it isRead MoreThe Effects Of Routine Activities On Happiness Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesIt has been argued that happiness demonstrates significant variability across time, age, and contexts. Little research has examined the combined effects of behavior, attitudes, and lifespan development on happiness. The purpose of the study carried out by Bailey, Kang, and Schmidt (2016) was to determine the influence of leisure routine, locus of control, wisdom, and age on happiness. Leisure routines compromised social media, reflection, physical activity, time outdoors, and friends. In additionRead MorePersonal Statement : Pra cticing Happiness Activities1156 Words   |  5 PagesGraduate programs, visit of mother-in-law, and the midterm exam. I have decided that practicing happiness activities would fit perfectly into this chaotic week and I am glad I did. Normally, I would practice physical activity, as I did for the past six years, but given that I just had a child, physical activity was out of option, so I had to choose an alternative method to increase my happiness. One of the activities was avoiding overthinking. I had a habit of ruminating, which made me miserable, especiallyRead MoreSexual Activities And The Relation Between Frequency Of Sex And Happiness1737 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most common questions associated with sexual activities is in regard to the relation between frequency of sex and happiness. Does more sex lead to greater happiness? Although this looks like a simple question at first, it has been the center of numerous studies and debates for many years, and it is proven to be a complex and often fascinating matter to be investigated. For a very long time, the traditional point of view offered a simple â€Å"yes† answer to this question – by saying that moreRead MoreThe Search for Happiness Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pages The search for happiness has been one of the greatest driving forces over the ages. Defined as an active or passive sense of pleasure or satisfaction, happiness drives individuals to accomplish a number of fulfilling activities in their lives. Thus an evaluation of meanings attached to happiness provides insight on how an individual maximizes their pleasure. Concepts of positive-psychology provide an explanation of what is happiness and show a number of activities that enhance contentment. NajemyRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness1509 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will focus on Aristotle’s claim that happiness is an activity and not just a momentary pleasure. Skeptics claim happiness is a state of mind and Aristotle is wrong to claim that happiness is an ongoing pursuit a person must actively strive for during one’s life. This paper argues that Aristotle is correct when he states that happiness is an activity, the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself that individuals strive for throughout the entirety of their lifetime and ultimatelyRead MoreThe How Of Happiness : A New Approach For Getting The Life You Want By Dr. Sonja Lyubomirsky865 Words   |  4 PagesHow of Happiness: A New Approach to Getting the Life You Want by Dr. Sonja Lyubomirsky is simultaneously an academic book and comprehensive guide about positive psychology and it’s applications in daily life. Dr. Lyubomirsky provides not only facts and figures to back up her science but also includes quizzes and exercises for the reader to learn more about himself or herself in context with the book. The book is broken down into 3 different sections: How to Attain Real and Lasting Happiness, HappinessRead MoreThe Better Morality: Kant and Aristotle on Happiness1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbeings desire happiness and that all rational beings at least should desire moral righteousness. However, their treatments of the relationship between the two are starkly opposed. While Aristotle argues that happiness and morality are nearly synonymous (in the respect that virtue necessarily leads to happiness), Kant claims that not only does happiness have no place in the realm of morality, but that a moral action usually must contradict the actor’s own inclination toward happiness. Because KantRead More Aristotles Concept of Happiness Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagespursuing happiness. Aristotles recommendations for finding happiness are not accepted today with out some struggle and careful examination. In Aristotles time, slaves, women and children were not truly considered human; so in many cases the philosopher is directing his words towards free males only. It is necessary to understand that by overlooking this discrimination and applying it to all people, one can discover the timeless wisdom of Aristotle. To begin, one must learn what happiness meansRead More`` How Happy Are You And Why?1247 Words   |  5 Pageshave control over their own happiness. Lyubomirsky supports her claims with her interviews with happy people and scientific studies. Her purpose is to consider steps that people can take in order to become happier. She establishes an informal relationship with her audience of unhappy people. Lyubomirsky focuses on social psychology and the â€Å"development of ‘sustainable’ happiness† (179). She brings the idea of genetics into happiness and different aspects of happiness. She determines that there are

Implementation of Structured Query †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Structured Query. Answer: Introduction: The periodic reports are that kinds of report, that have been developed on any particular schedule. It is also known as the recurring report summarizing the events. It covers the similar basic set of data and depends upon numerical information to show the overview of that particular time (Rowe 2014). Susan requires one monthly report on Sales. This should be able to display the quick-selling products and the largest-selling customers. The special reports are created when anything extraordinary undesired thing occurs. This has to be very much updated. They deliver in-depth coverage of the business from technology to luxury or the themes regarding entrepreneurship to heath (Raina 2014). The special reports are more preferable than the periodic ones. This is because Susan should require the report which could be incurred incidentally. This must be regarding to unusual events and of the chance there has been any answer to their query database. Blanca could send one softcopy report through e-mail during the month endings. This should be done to report to Susan very fast. The report is actually completed at the end of the month. The report could be completed quickly by using workstations and terminals with the CRT or Cathode Ray Tube. The CRT generates the pictures from ray of electrons emerging from the cathode within the neck of the picture tube. The ray hits the picture tubes internal face that has been coated by phosphor lines. This lights up as hit by that electron beam (Saeedi et al. 2014). Thus the report would be finished fast and as the display of the screen is outstanding, the appearance, color and content of the report would be interesting. As soon as the printing process gets completed the hardcopy should be handed over to Susan. The order of ascending and descending is utilized in reports equally. This has been lying on the basis of the control fields. The descending orders have been used in the record report of Sales. For instance, the reporting products that have been sold quickly could be considered here. It might also include the report displaying the identity of customers who have bought highest number of products from the company (Narizzan, Pulina and Tacchella 2014). At the highest, the attention of Susan could be drawn by showing the customer order with highest selling and the product order that is fastest-selling. It must include the control field which would denote the number of sales done in that month. The ascending order should be utilized to report about the products that are not sold yet. The product type has to be registered in ascending order (Wessa et al. 2015). The product types not demanded during that time have been low volume and listed on top. The control field should be the cumulative volume of sales. The effective data fields have been the best approach to enhance the database application performance. The managers have been encouraged to finish the data fields available in their company. However, only presence the data field have not been helpful. The data field of the last sales would not be sufficient. Additionally, there should be fields for entry date of products, total number of products and product types mentioned. It should also include other detailed information so that the advisers and investors could easily filter the database according to required criteria and continue with their research. Blanca could claim that by possessing the query language the manager would more clearly understand the monthly report delivered (Wassermann et al. 2016). After reading that well, immediate decisions could be taken afterwards when needed. Thus, the training of query language would be highly effective for the managers to follow, that includes Susan also. The query is regarded as the key towards success in todays world (Steinberg 2014). A well-written query provides accurate and relevant data. This indicates that better-insights are understood with making good decisions leading to the enhancement of the business. At best, the bad data have been costing huge time cleaning them up. For poor data, if there is a mention-based account, the irrelevant mentions would cost money (Masseroli et al. 2015). References: Masseroli, M., Pinoli, P., Venco, F., Kaitoua, A., Jalili, V., Palluzzi, F., Muller, H. and Ceri, S., 2015. GenoMetric Query Language: a novel approach to large-scale genomic data management.Bioinformatics,31(12), pp.1881-1888. Narizzano, M., Pulina, L. and Tacchella, A., 2014. Report of the third QBF solvers evaluation.Journal on Satisfiability, Boolean Modeling and Computation,2, pp.145-164. Raina, B., 2014.Management information system. Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology. Rowe, D.C., 2014. Periodic Reporting in a Continuous World: The Correlating Evolution of Technology and Financial Reporting.Duke L. Tech. Rev.,13, p.248. Saeedi Heydari, M., Mirkazemi, S.M. and Abbasi, S., 2014. Influence of Co3O4, Fe2O3 and SiC on microstructure and properties of glass foam from waste cathode ray tube display panel (CRT).Advances in Applied Ceramics,113(4), pp.234-239. Steinberg, A., Facebook, Inc., 2014.Systems and methods for implementation of a structured query language interface in a distributed database environment. U.S. Patent 8,832,556. Wassermann, D., Makris, N., Rathi, Y., Shenton, M., Kikinis, R., Kubicki, M. and Westin, C.F., 2016. The white matter query language: a novel approach for describing human white matter anatomy.Brain Structure and Function,221(9), pp.4705-4721. Wessa, M., Kollmann, B., Linke, J., Schnfelder, S. and Kanske, P., 2015. Increased impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for bipolar disorder: Evidence from self-report and experimental measures in two high-risk populations.Journal of affective disorders,178, pp.18-24.

Supply Chain Management The Bullwhip Effect Commerce Essay Example For Students

Supply Chain Management The Bullwhip Effect Commerce Essay In recent old ages in the supply concatenation direction theory at that place has been done a batch of research over the phenomenon called the Bullwhip consequence In brief, this negative consequence occurs when the demand order variablenesss in the supply concatenation are amplified as they moved up the supply concatenation ( Lee et. Al, 1997a ) and can take to such large inefficiencies as lost grosss and hapless client service. Many of the writers in their scientific documents contributed a batch to the development of the subject by depicting the Bullwhip consequence, explicating and measuring its grounds, its deductions and possible ways of its decrease, utilizing higher mathematics ( Chen et. Al, 1999 ; Dejonckheere et. Al, 2001 ; Warburton, 2004 ; Croson A ; Donohue, 2003 ) and specialized package ( like SISCO ) ( Chatfield et al. , 2004 ) to make simulation theoretical accounts. In our brief overview, nevertheless, we will non see all of these particularised mathematical surv eies in item, we will merely seek to concentrate on the more theoretical account of the negative deductions of the Bullwhip consequence, the possible grounds of its being, and on the ways of its decrease. In this regard, we think that among all of the well-thought-of scientists that devoted their attempts to the Bullwhip consequence research, the writers Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang in their articles The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains ( 1997 ) and Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip consequence ( 1997 ) have non merely most deeply described and explained the impression of the phenomenon of the Bullwhip consequence and the grounds of its being, but besides introduced the most valuable and applicable ways of how to decrease its negative effects. We will write a custom essay on Supply Chain Management The Bullwhip Effect Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The essay consists of 3 chief chapters: the first chapter describes the impression and the deductions of the Bullwhip consequence, in the 2nd chapter the grounds for its being are discussed, and the 3rd chapter refers to the ways how to cut down the Bullwhip consequence. Outline1 1. Deductions of the Bullwhip consequence2 2. The grounds for being of the Bullwhip consequence3 3. The ways to cut down the Bullwhip consequence4 Causes of Bullwhip consequence5 Information sharing6 Channel alliance7 Operational efficiency8 Decision 1. Deductions of the Bullwhip consequence There are some different definitions and ways of apprehension of so called Bullwhip consequence ( it can besides be referred to as Whiplash consequence or Whipsaw consequence in some beginnings ) . This phenomenon was foremost established by Forrester ( 1961 ) . The Bullwhip consequence can look in every industry and in every supply concatenation. The Bullwhip consequence is a effect of one or a combination of the following four of import facets related to provide concatenation direction, which are, harmonizing to Lee et al. , demand prognosis updating by supply concatenation spouses ; order batching ; monetary value fluctuation ; rationing and deficit gambling. Small order variableness on a client degree amplifies the orders for upstream participants, such as wholesales and makers, as the orders move up along a supply concatenation ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . As shown in the Figure 1, when consumer gross revenues have truly little fluctuations, the retail merchants demand fluctuates more, the jobbers demand fluctuates more than the retail merchants demand and makers demand fluctuates even more than jobbers demand. ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . Harmonizing to Forrester, variableness of client orders is normally less than variableness of fabricating orders. To his sentiment the chief ground for this state of affairs is the irrational behaviour of participants involved in a supply concatenation ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . The Bullwhip consequence can be observed on different degrees: on macro degree it shows up in inefficiency in production, programming, sourcing, distribution, gross generalisation and its realisation ( Ravichandran, 2008 ) . on operation degree, it reflects in coevals of more stock list and maintaining it in inappropriate topographic point, to run into a specified service degree ( Ravichandran, 2008 ) . on public presentation degree, it can cut down the speed of hard currency, destroy possible gross and erode gross realisation ( Ravichandran, 2008 ) . These are merely some negative effects of the Bullwhip consequence ( Carlsson A ; Fuller, 2001 ) : inordinate stock list investings hapless client service lost grosss the productiveness capital in operations becomes substandard as grosss are lost increasing in transit costs and sub-optimal transit form demand variableness may do lost production agenda The Bullwhip Effect is a consequence of behaviour of supply concatenation members and is created by themselves as a consequence of their rational determination devising in state of affairs of short or non full information about existent end-customer demand. The Bullwhip Effect is an internal consequence. Companies can disregard the Bullwhip consequence and suffer from it excess losingss or can seek to cut down it. 2. The grounds for being of the Bullwhip consequence The good illustration of the Bullwhip consequence is the beer game . In this experiment ( it foremost took topographic point in 1980 s ) participants play four different functions: clients, directors, wholesales and supplies of one of the popular beer trade name. It is non allowed to pass on with each other, so participants make determinations about telling merely based on orders from the following downstream participant. The consequences of this experiment are variableness and volatility of upstream degrees that ever exceed variableness and volatility of downstream degrees. The reading of this consequence can be different. On one manus it can be consequence of irrational determination doing on each degree ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . But on the other manus, if the Bullwhip consequence is a drumhead of rational determination devising, we can indentify different chief causes, and so the Bullwhip consequence appears because of jobs in the supply concatenation construction. .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 , .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .postImageUrl , .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 , .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308:hover , .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308:visited , .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308:active { border:0!important; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308:active , .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308 .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf62b10230cf3db413e08cbd887f4e308:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rebellion in China around 1900 EssayThese are the chief causes of the Bullwhip Effect: 1. Demand calculating updating ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . Every company on each degree of supply concatenation makes calculating for production, capacity, stock list, stuff demands and demand degrees. Demand prediction is normally based on the order history from the company s immediate clients, i.e. on what the company really observes ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . By utilizing merely calculating methods, for illustration exponential smoothing ( prediction of future demand based on new day-to-day demand and it updating when new information is received ) the order that is sent to the providers is a contemplation of safety stock plus sum that is needed to fulfill future demand. The consequence is that the variableness of sum of orders will increase during traveling on supply concatenation from the end-customer to the terminal provider. 2. Order batching ( in two signifiers periodic ordination and push ordination ) ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . There frequently appears a state of affairs when companies order one time a hebdomad, one time in two hebdomads, one time a month, alternatively of telling every twenty-four hours or every few yearss. This state of affairs appear because sometimes providers can non fulfill frequent ordination or transit costs are excessively high ( there is a large difference between full burden and less than truckload rate, providers may even supply clients with price reductions for full-truck tonss ) or clip for treating orders is excessively long. Companies want to do advantages on economic systems of graduated table but sum of telling varies during the clip ( people order more on the terminal of the hebdomad, terminal of the months, vacations etc. ) The Bullwhip consequence decreases when order rhythms lessening. 3. Price fluctuations ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . The bullwhip consequence besides appears when measure of goods that clients buy does nt reflect their current demands. This is a consequence of clients purchasing in progress more than they need and stock some measure because of attractive monetary values ( it can be periodic price reductions or publicities events when merchandise monetary values are low ) . When degree of monetary values becomes normal, clients stop purchasing merchandises until they have it in stock. In this instance purchasing construction does nt reflect the consuming construction, as a consequence the fluctuation of purchasing sum is more enormous than the fluctuation of devouring sum ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . Such price reductions and publicities influence negatively the supply concatenation. It seems like industries and distributers create these monetary value fluctuations themselves, and it means that they set up a bullwhip consequence themselves. 4. Rationing and deficit gambling ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . There are state of affairss when demand is bigger than supply. In this instance client demands can be satisfied merely partially. So clients order bigger sums than they really need, and when the state of affairs becomes stable ( demand is equal to provide ) orders all of a sudden get cancelled. This means that clients give incorrect information about their existent demands to the providers, and this consequence is referred to as gambling ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) . This is a common state of affairs for a market. 5. Material and information holds ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Towill and his co-authors, stuff and information holds might be a major lending factor to the Bullwhip consequence ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . 6. Supply variableness ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Taylor, supply variableness ( machine dependability jobs and quality jobs ) is one of the possible causes of the Bullwhip consequence. End product of the undependable machines fluctuates and it pushes the variableness of demands of the upstream members. Variability in production degree is therefore the initial trigger of demand variableness, which in bend triggers the Bullwhip consequence ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . 7. Number of echelons ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Towill and his co-authors and to Ackere, cut downing figure of one or more intermediates lead to important reduction of the Bullwhip consequence ( Paik et al. , 2007 ) . 3. The ways to cut down the Bullwhip consequence In the old chapter we described the grounds for being of the Bullwhip consequence. Understanding of these grounds gives a really good base to apprehension of how to antagonize the negative effects of the Bullwhip consequence. Many companies developed their ain successful mechanisms of contending the results of this consequence, and Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang suggest to split these assorted enterprises into three classs: Information sharing , Channel alliance , and Operational efficiency ( see Table 1 ) . Table 1 ( Lee et al. , 1997a ) Causes of Bullwhip consequence Information sharing Channel alliance Operational efficiency Demand prognosis update understanding system kineticss usage POS informations electronic informations interchange Internet computer-assisted ordination ( CAO ) vendor-managed stock list price reduction for information sharing consumer direct lead-time decrease echelon-based stock list control Order batching EDI Internet-ordering price reduction for truck-load mixture bringing assignments consolidation logistics outsourcing decrease in fixed cost of telling by EDI or electronic commercialism CAO Monetary value fluctuations Continuous refilling plan ( CRP ) Everyday low cost ( EDLC ) Everyday low monetary value ( EDLP ) Activity-based costing ( ABC ) The above mentioned classs imply the followers: Information sharing: the information about existent clients demand is transmitted from the downstream site to the upstream ; Channel alliance is about coordination of different concern activities ( as pricing, transit, be aftering etc. ) between the upstream and the downstream sites in the supply concatenation, and Operational efficiency implies the set of activities that help to better public presentation, such as to cut down the lead-time. Lee et Al. introduced a set of efficient countermeasures that were designed to minimise the negative effects of the Bullwhip consequence ( Lee et al. , 1997a, B ) : Avoid multiple demand prognosis updates Since the chief ground of being of the Bullwhip consequence is the fact, that every member of the supply concatenation makes its ain demand calculating based on the information provided to it by its immediate downstream member, the one apparent manner to avoid this insistent processing of demand informations in a supply concatenation is to do the existent ingestion informations ( that is known at a downstream site ) available at all of the upstream sites. This would let all of the endeavors in a supply concatenation ( from downstream to upstream ) to do and update their prognosiss based on the same natural information. .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 , .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .postImageUrl , .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 , .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7:hover , .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7:visited , .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7:active { border:0!important; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7:active , .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7 .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd7bb10afcf769d7c382ede339947cb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PAul Cronan and the New England Telephone Company EssayDatas sharing can be implemented, for case, by the usage of the electronic informations interchange ( EDI ) systems. But the pattern shows that in some instances even though all of the organisations in a supply concatenation use the same demand informations to do their prognosiss, the differences in calculating methods and/or purchasing patterns may still take to fluctuations in the orders placed with the upstream sites. Break order batches The chief thought here is to avoid another ground of visual aspect of the Bullwhip consequence order batching by developing the schemes that lead to smaller batches and therefore more frequent supply. One of the grounds of big order batches and low order frequences is the high cost of treating the orders, which can be avoided, for illustration, by the usage of electronic papers circulation alternatively of paper-based. The other ground of big order batches is the transit costs: the differences in the costs of full truckloads and less-than-truckloads are really high, and this makes companies to wait for the full truckloads and therefore stretch the refilling times, which besides creates order batching. This job can besides be avoided by bring oning by the makers their distributers to order mixtures of different merchandises at a clip ( a truckload from the same manufacturer may incorporate different merchandises alternatively of full burden of the same merchandise ) and therefore significantly increase the order frequence. This can be stimulated by offering price reductions by makers to their distributers if they order assorted tonss. The other effectual manner to work out the job of order batching is the usage of third-party logistics companies: these companies allow economic systems of graduated table by uniting tonss from different providers situated near each other and presenting these tonss t o different companies, what is particularly really utile for little companies, for which full truckload refilling times are really long. Stabilize monetary values A really straightforward manner of extinguishing the Bullwhip consequence caused by forward purchasing is for the makers to cut down the degrees and frequences of sweeping price reductions. One of the most effectual ways of making it is implementing the mundane low monetary value ( EDLP ) pricing scheme. The pattern shows that this scheme is effectual both for the providers and for the clients since it helps to diminish costs of stock list, storage, transit etc. for every participant. Though with usage of the conventional accounting systems the benefits of the EDLP scheme compared to sweeping monetary value discounting scheme are non apparent for the purchaser, ABC systems in most instances explicitly show the advantages of EDLP scheme. Eliminate gambling in deficit The purpose of this step is to deprive purchasers of the inducements to overstate their orders in hope of the partial satisfaction of these orders by the providers. One of the simple ways to acquire rid of this ground of Bullwhip consequence visual aspect is as following: in instance of deficit the provider can apportion merchandises to the clients non based on their orders, but in proportion to past gross revenues records. Besides the purchasers desire for gambling may be lessened if the supplier portions its capacity and stock list information with them. The other manner of contending with purchasers gambling desire is to utilize rigorous supply contracts that restrict purchaser s flexibleness in telling limitless measures of goods and free cancelling of orders. However, we have to acknowledge that the above mentioned steps of decrease of the Bullwhip consequence are non thorough and can non to the full extinguish the being of this consequence. A figure of scientific documents mathematically prove that the Bullwhip consequence still exists even when demand information is shared by all phases of the supply concatenation and all phases use the same prediction technique and stock list policy ( Chen et al. , 2000 ) , and even if about all of the above described causes ( like batching, monetary value fluctuations etc. ) are removed ( Croson A ; Donohue, 2003 ) . This gives us the apprehension that the Bullwhip consequence job still needs to be closely scrutinized and other ways of cut downing this consequence are still need to be developed. Decision In our concise but, we hope, significant overview we tried to reflect different attacks to the apprehension of the phenomenon called The Bullwhip consequence and the negative effects that it brings to the members of a supply concatenation, and to depict the most sound, to our sentiment, ways of cut downing this consequence, that were introduced by the research workers during the past two decennaries. We besides found that though during the last old ages to the probe of this affair a batch of scientists devoted a batch of their attempts, the job of acquiring rid of the Bullwhip consequence in a supply concatenation has non yet been solved wholly: a figure of scientific documents mathematically prove that the Bullwhip consequence still exists even when about all of the discovered ( so far ) causes of its visual aspect ( like batching, monetary value fluctuations etc. ) are removed. This means that the Bullwhip consequence job still needs to be closely scrutinized and other ways of cut downing this consequence are still need to be developed.

Malaysia culture free essay sample

In Malaysia, cultures have been mixing up when Malaysia was colonized by Portuguese, Dutch, British, Siamese, and Japanese. The colonization of these countries did bring many disadvantages to my country which is Malaysia, but it did bring many benefits to Malaysia also. The main benefit is the colonization caused various group of people in Malaysia with different social and culture backgrounds, unite together into one physical entity. Malaysia consists of many types of ethnic groups, such as Malay, Chinese, Indian, indigenous people, the aborigines and minority of Portuguese descent. Each ethnic group has its very own culture. Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including beliefs, arts, and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. It includes language, religion, custom and etiquette, Malaysian dressing, festival celebration, dance, arts and crafts, food, and lifestyle. I have chosen to write about things that are special in my country which it cannot be found in other country. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper is about tourist attractions in Malaysia and food in Malaysia. Besides, I will write my essay according to the information that I learn from my text book as it is a part that is necessary for this paper. Moreover, I will take in my practical approach and also my own personal opinion by using SWOT analysis to reinforce and support my statement in this paper.

From Fashion Producer to Fashion Retailer

From Fashion Producer to Fashion Retailer For both the retailers and manufacturers, the goal of fashion merchandising and marketing is to ensure that the merchandise is sold at a profit (Steele 295). To achieve this, one needs careful coordination and execution of the business strategies. The success of the fashion business hinges on fashion merchandising and fashion marketing. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on From Fashion Producer to Fashion Retailer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Owing to the advances in information technology, customers all over the world have become more knowledgeable and inquisitive, due to information on the fashion industry that is readily available on the internet. It is thus important for those involved in fashion retailing to ensure that the needs and wants of their target customers have been met. In an effort to overcome this challenge, fashion manufacturers are now producing specific fashion merchandise to suit the needs of sp ecific customers (Kotler and Armstrong 81). Since fashion retailers are constantly in contact with the final customers, they are more likely to know the needs and wants of their target market. This is important in a highly competitive business environment. If fashion manufactures are not updated with the needs and wants of the end-consumer, they may lose their share of the market. In order to safeguard their market share, some fashion producers may contemplate shifting from the manufacture of fashion merchandises to retailing fashion merchandise. The research paper endeavors to examine the advantages and disadvantages associated with such a move. For a long time, fashion producers have primarily concentrated in the production of their merchandise in an easy and economical manner. A lot of money and time would be spent on consumers in an attempt to convince them that their merchandise suits the needs and wants of the consumers. However, as packaged foods, automobiles and healthy pr oducts recorded successful growth through marketing, fashion businesses also adopted this concept (Steele 296). When fashion producers switches to fashion retailers they are in close contact with their clients and as a result, this enhances the relationship that they share with their clients. This is a positive sign for good business. Principles of marketing therefore become vital for the business. Owing to the constant contact with the end-consumers, they are also likely to know the needs and wants of the customers. Consequently, they have to ensure that they provide merchandise that has been customized to suit the requirements of the market.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fashion producers are also likely to have an enhanced access to the market. They are therefore better placed to study the retail market well, thereby improving their competitiveness. Retail fashioni ng also enables one to provide branded merchandise to the market. Customers would be willing to offer premium prices for such merchandise, and this incenses the profit earnings of a fashion retailer. There is also the issue of consumer loyalty, because they are able to get what they want. Consequently, the fashion retailer is more likely to have repeat business with such customers (Steele 297). Brand orientation brings with it the dimensions of functionality, distinctiveness, symbolism, and value addition (Bridson Evans 404). As such, when a fashion retailer become more brand- oriented, he/she is likely of offer customers a greater retail offer, relative to the competition. Fashion retailers should therefore endeavor to differentiate their merchandise in such a manner as to afford them a competitive advantage in the market. On the other hand, there are also a number of disadvantages that accompanies the decision by a fashion producer to also become a fashion retailer. To start wi th, there is a shift from the core activity, in this case the production of the fashion merchandise, to retailing. A firm is more likely to success when it concentrates on its core activity, as opposed to undertaking various activities. When a firm is only concerned with its core activity, it is more likely to invest more in research and development in an attempt to ensure that its merchandises meet the needs of the consumers (McColl and Moore 97). Another disadvantage of such a move would be the added cost of advertising and undertaking numerous market surveys and research, in an effort to capture the needs and wants of the customer so that the merchandise can be produced to suit these needs. The fashion retailer now has to project sales with regard to the unit of merchandise that they want to sell. In the case of a fashion producer, he/she is required to anticipate the retailers’ needs. In the same way, we may also expect that the fashion retailer shall also have to envis ion the needs of his/her consumers (Stone 59). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on From Fashion Producer to Fashion Retailer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, we need to realize that the number of consumers of fashion merchandise by far outstrips the number of fashion retailers. Accordingly, this means that a fashion retailer shall have to sue more financial and human resources in an attempt to ensure that they deliver the needs of the market. There are various reasons why a fashion producer may decide to become a fashion retailer. They include the need for brad recognition, gaining a competitive advantage, and increased consumer loyalty, among others. Fashion retailing affords one constant interaction with the end-consumers, thereby enhancing the consumer-retailer relationship. However, even as a fashion retailer contemplates on becoming a fashion retailer, he/she should also be careful to ensure that they re tain the quality of their merchandise. In addition, fashion retailing may mean that one now has to deal with a specific brand. Many fashion brands are a fad that loses popularity with time. Therefore, Fashion producers should therefore not abandon the core activity of manufacturing because they may need to fall back on it. Bridson, Kerrie, and Evans, Jody. The secret of fashion advantage in brand orientation. International Journal of retail Distribution Management, 32.8(2004): 403-411 Kotler, Philip, and Gary Armstrong. Principles of Marketing. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McColl, Julie, and Moore, Christopher. An exploration of fashion retailer own brand strategies. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 15.1(2011): 91-107 Steele, Valerie. The Berg Companion to Fashion. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2010. Print. Stone, Elaine. The Dynamics of Fashion. New York: Fairchild Publications, 2004. Print.

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Knowledge Management - Essay Example Furthermore, forces inside the industry, which include buyers, suppliers, new entrants, substitutes, and most importantly, rivalry in the industry. Therefore, the report presents knowledge management as solution to most of these problems and a tool to strengthen company’s situation. Discussion Definitions of Knowledge Management Without any doubts, for the past few decades the world has been changing at exponential rates. The ability of human mind of discover the secrets of nature, explore the seas, capture the air, fly into the sky and others have allowed us to live in a world which is a better and comfortable place. However, on the other hand, these technological advancements have really increased the amount of information and knowledge that was available before. In fact, never in the history before, we felt the need to manage the knowledge that we possess. Furthermore, the future that awaits for us where our success would be a direct result of our ability to effectively use , manage, and develop our knowledge. Technological capital and human intellectual capital may not get a place on the balance sheets of the organization but they will be getting much attention in the corporate goals, mission statements, and organizational cultures of the many companies. People understand that the only thing, which has the ability to limit them, is their ability to leverage and use the human mind (Stankosky, pp. 234-235). Despite the fact that there has a lot of research in this field and lots of ink is being devoted to the subject, yet authors and experts have not been able to reach a consensus or one unified definition for this topic. According to Robert S. Seiner, Knowledge Management can be defined as a concept in which an enterprise gathers organizes, shares, and analyzes the knowledge of individuals and groups across the organization in ways that directly affect performance (Frappaolo, pp. 26-28). According to Meredith Levinson, ‘Knowledge Management is th e process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual and knowledge based assets. According to Robert Villegas, Knowledge Management is simply the transfer of knowledge from one person to another, the result of which enables the recipient to benefit from the collected wisdom of the more experienced members of an organization or group’ (Becerra-Fernandez & Sabherwal, pp. 341-348). In other words, Knowledge Management is actually a cyclical system or a multiplier effect, which helps an organization in efficient achievement of its objectives and the same happens because the organization’s habits, planning and its execution is deeply rooted in the tacit and explicit learning of the organization (Stankosky, pp. 234-235). Why implement Knowledge Management? Following are some of the direct and clear benefits that Bobco will benefit from by the implementation of knowledge management in the organisation. First, the company would be in a great position to decrease the operational costs. Quite understandably, the market place of today has turned into a ruthless, aggressive, bloody, and destructive place where survival of the fittest is the order of the day. Even Bobco is operating in a market where the pressures for decreasing costs are increasing everyday. Despite the fact that sales have increased yet the profit margins have been shrinking due to increased pressures to outclass competitors. Attaining

Project Charter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Project Charter - Essay Example With the advent of new communication technologies call centres expanded their services considerably, allowing companies to contact a large number of people efficiently. Making a decision about the call centre setting up, the ABC Telecom Company sees considerable benefits for its business, because a call centre will: This document represents a general description of the project aimed to set up a call centre, comprising 10 workstations, in the ABC Telecom Company. The call centre is intended to be a primary way of effective communications with customers, partners and other external audience of the company. The company executives believe that the call centre will provide a single point of contact for all people who interact with company via various channels, including email, fax, web chat and board, phone, VOIP, SMS etc. Such virtual (not face-to-face) interactions may concern different issues from multiple areas, e.g. information dissemination, customer service and support, customer relationship management, marketing and telemessaging, sales (inbound and outbound), employee service and support, emergency services and other areas, related to customers’ satisfaction and telecom business’s efficiency. Undoubtedly, the project is rather complex, it includes a number of various aspects – from the selecting the location to build the call centre to the hiring and training a staff. The ABC Telecom Company does not have sufficient resources to cope with all project tasks by its own strength, that’s why it is intended to get a number of subcontractors and vendors to take part in the project, what brings additional important constraints in the project. Call centre in the ABC Telecom Company is being created in order to increase the value of contacts between the company and existent or potential customers. For customers the value means a good care,

Bible Defines Human Nature Essay Example for Free

Bible Defines Human Nature Essay According to the book of Genesis, man was created in the image of God. â€Å"God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.† Genesis 1:27   This means that man’s nature is godly. Because our almighty God is a holy God, man is also expected to be blameless before Him. But how come sin became inevitable to human nature? Isn’t it that man by nature is greedy and self centered? Other than that, the New Testament says that all have fallen short to God’s standard. Does it mean that the bible contradict itself?                  Meanwhile, western philosophers believe in the concept to tabula rasa. It’s a thesis that says that human beings are born without an inborn personality. Human personality is just a product of pile of experiences and is influenced by his surroundings. If a man doesn’t grow up in a good environment, it follows that his nature is not that good too. In other words, man was born as innocent creature without any sense of morality. We can say that being innocent is close to being blameless. Does it mean that the idea of tabula rasa supports the famous idea taken from Genesis?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we look at the Christian concept of salvation, we can conclude that the Gospel presents a clear explanation regarding this long time debate. Although the bible gives a seemingly contradicting explanation regarding the nature of human beings, still it supports each other when view it from Christian perspective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we were born, we can’t deny the fact that we are innocent. Just like Adam and Eve, we don’t have any knowledge of sin. And as we look back on the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve became aware that they were naked when sin entered their life. Therefore we can conclude that our sinful nature starts when we lose our innocence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As we grow old, our values are being by our family, community, church and media. Other than that, our personalities were shaped by our experiences. For those people who experienced rejection, they are more likely to develop pride and insecurities. It is also inevitable for them to hold grudges and bitterness. As we look at the bible, we can see that pride and bitterness are sin. Like pride and bitterness, greed is also a product of life experiences as well as family background and community involvement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It means that sin is an inevitable part of life. As we grow old, they more we can acquire sin which is too far from having a godly nature. But the good news is that God made a way so that human can return to their blameless nature. He sent Jesus for us to be like his image again. Because of Jesus’ blood that was shed on the cross, we are forgiven of our sin and purified to become new creations. â€Å"Therefore, if anyone is in Christ he is a new creation. The old has gone, the new has come.†Ã‚   2 Corinthians 5:17  Ã‚   This idea of Christ’s way of salvation supports the concept of sanctification.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But sanctification is not a one time experience for Christians. They are experiencing a lifetime of sanctification as they grow in their relationship with Christ. If experiences can cause us to sin, our experiences can also be used by God to mold our characters. Our life is a preparation of our character, a way of sanctification until we meet Christ. It is the reason why the bible always compares Christ and church relationship with that of a groom and a bride. Bibliography The Bible League. The Devotional Study Bible. USA: Zondervan Corporation, 1987.

Non Vegetarians Towards Vegetarian Food

Non Vegetarians Towards Vegetarian Food The aim of this chapter is to provide a thorough critical review of existing literature concerning consumer behaviour and the increasing phenomenon known as vegetarianism. First, the various perceptions of non-vegetarians and vegetarians towards vegetarian food and lifestyle. between the different genders. Secondly, how the various aspects of the marketing mix, commonly price influences vegetarian food choice. This chapter also examines the main religions and their influence on food choice and finally the degree of influence ethics has on a persons dietary choice. Perception towards vegetarian foods. A large number of Americans do not understand vegetarian food as they grew up on an American diet, which comprises mostly of meat(Pearson, 2010). The majority of North Americans are used to having meat at every meal even if there is another high-protein food is present (Reiner 2011) . Meat is considered as central food round around which meals are prepared, various types of meat are sometimes served on festive and celebratory occasions. (bender,1992). However, A study conducted by the Vegetarian Times (2008 ), revealed that 3.2 percent of U.S adults which is about 7.8 million people are on plant-based diet and 5.2 % were interested in following a vegetarian diet. Perception of non-vegetarians towards vegetarian food However, many people tend to believe that vegetarian food tastes bad, lacks taste, is uninteresting(Pope, 2010) or that meat has a good taste and vegetarian meat is disgustful (Vigneault,2009) which explains why many people especially men tend to avoid vegetarian food (Bailey, 2012) . However Janu (2010) argues that meat does not have taste by explaining that a person cannot eat raw meat and the digestive system rejects it and says that what gives the taste is the additional items added to the recipe and these are generally from something that is vegetarian. Meat, Vegetarianism and Gender (Mckeever, 2012) reports that consuming meat is regarded by many as being more virile and masculine, the traditional macho all-American male, believes that eating red meat is considered as strong and eating soy is not. It has been found that people from Western cultures link up manfulness with meat, especially muscle meat like steak(Gann,2012). Macrae(2011), reports that men who do not consume meat were viewed as less masculine than the others even by other vegetarians. Even ladies, especially vegetarians regarded men who were not eating meat as crybabies or less mach. They also found that people associated meat with more masculine words In a study by Rothgerber(2012) women were a lot more excusatory about meat consumption and men had more favourable attitudes towards meat consumption(Macari, 2012) and (William,2012), eating meat makes the latter feel like real men. If we take a brief look at history, meat has been affiliated with might, virility, manhood and as a prerogative. This h as been observed during the first world war when meat was reserved for men and this was also observed in many Western, Asian and African cultures( Heine 2010). There may be a more scientific explanation to why men prefer meat, such as differences in physiology and men having a greater protein needs to build body mass as compared to women. To the traditional hunter, meat has always been considered as a reward to hunting. (Shah, 2010) According to (Rowan, 2012) men are less likely to eat their vegetables than women and prefer meat over other foods (Bryner,2012) because they dont have the same strong values and beliefs that eating fresh produce are beneficial to health. Furthermore, messages that convince women to eat fruits and vegetables may not have the same effects on men. There are certain situations when a man may healthily opt for salads which is in the case of social support (Ar et al. 2008) or such as when they are trying to impress someone they are eating with, when they are eating out alone or when dining with their spouse and their spouse has chosen the healthy menu ( Strahan, 2012). (Sifferlin,2012 ) further supported the last reason by asserting that men eat their vegetables so as to avoid arguments or with their wives or girlfriends and if they were left on their own in most cases, they would opt for unhealthy foods. (Shere,2012) explained this by adding that ones personal belief influences his behav ior and men are not as convinced that eating vegetables are not worth eating. Dean(2012) suggested that it would be very difficult to educate non-vegetarian consumers to eat vegetarian or fake meat but the key could be to reshaping burgers to resemble beef and by giving them grill marks as according to(Schà ¶sler.et al,2011) the shape and its appearance are important. marks could even convince men who believe that meat is masculine to try it out and eventually help them through their transition to vegetarianism. Perception towards a vegetarian lifestyle 2.1 Perceptions towards vegetarians When people think about a vegetarians, they imagine a skinny person, or perhaps an unhealthy one(Host 2004). Vegetarianism will not make a person skinny or thin(Olsen,2012) many people have this misconception that vegetarians eat only salads (schuna,2011) and (Beppu,2011) and removing animal products from ones diet can help to slim down(Tyler,2012). According to Stanger(2011) and a study by Katz (2008) many people tend to believe that vegans are pale, have clearer skin. Andrews(2011) and (frankel,2010) put forward that due to certain lackings in a vegetarian diet this may cause ones complexity to deteriorate and become pale due to insufficiencies of iron. However Groenewald(2011) refuted this by stating that if this the case the person was probably wrongly doing his diet. 2.2 Vegetarianism and health There is no single reason why people become vegetarians, but one reason which is cited the most is for a healthier lifestyle(Floyd,2011). Many non-vegetarians today believe that meat is unhealthy (Wong 2006) and the most common reason people are becoming vegetarians today are due to the health benefits(Kasiser,2009). He further adds that vegetarian diets continuously have proven to be healthier, in a way that meat, especially non-lean red meats which are high in saturated fats and may carry risks of animal-human transmission diseases. 2.2.1 Perceptions towards vegetarianism as a means to lose weight The perception of the vegetarian diet as an efficient weight loss tool has lead many into giving up meat (Mccarron, 2011) There has been significant amount of research coming out in support of a plant-based diet, and how it helps a person to lose weight(Freston,2011) while Denos(2012) believes that it is a misconception due to the fact that since fruits and vegetables are low in calories, are loaded with vitamins and minerals people believe it should help one lose to weight. (Zeratsky,2012) states that it is true that vegetarians are usually thinner than non-vegetarians but a person can also gain weight on a vegetarian diet Zeratsky,2012) and (Sass 2012) if their portion sizes are too big and they do not get the right balance. 2.2.2 Perceptions towards vegetarianism as a means to live longer According to many authors, eating a lot of red meat regularly is bad for the health in the long run and increases the risks of heart diseases and other cancers(Lezard, 2012),(Bazelle,2012) and Lee(2011). On the other hand, vegetarians suffer fewer heart attacks than meat eaters. For instance, vegetarians under the age of 65 were 45% less likely to suffer a heart attack than meat eaters(Faloon,2006). 2.2.3 Perceptions towards meat Moreover according to (MacEachern 2009) many conventional meat producers use hormones, antibiotics, and frequently process their products with chemical additives and preservatives. This tends to make the meat pinker but less healthy. He supports his argument by stating that there is a strong relationdhip between highly processed meat consumption and risks of getting colon cancer. 2.3 Reasons discouraging people to become vegetarians 2.3.1 Giving up on their favourite meal (Cain,2011) argues that a reason discouraging people from becoming vegetarians is having to renounce to their favourite meals, cheeseburgers or chicken wings and all the other great tastes that non-vegetarians enjoy(Markella,2006). Those who have returned to being omnivoures claimed that they began missing the taste of meat (Wong,2006). (Herzog,2011) further adds that even long-term vegetarians developed urges to taste cooked meat or developed craving for proteins when they smelt upon smelling bacon being cooked. New vegetarians say that they found it hard to give up favorite foods and adjust to the taste of substitutes for butter and dairy products. For some the toughest part to switching to a vegan diet was to give up on cheese. (Pope,2012) 2.3.2 Lack of social support (Pope, 2012) believes that for vegetarians there is a lack of social support as some people are negative and condescending towards vegetarian food and this is the main reasons why many vegetarians have returned to an omnivorous diet. (smith et al, 2000) 2.3.4. Beliefs that a vegetarian diet is not healthy Many authors claim that a vegetarian diet is unhealthy in a way that that there is is insufficient proteins and a person may suffer from nutritional deficiencies(Claire 2012),(Schuna,2011), (Alan et.al2000) . Robin(2011) argued that it depends on the type of food eaten. In the case of vegan who exclude all animal proteins from their diet they may develop a B-12 defficiency and this is commonly found in meat and defficiencies of this vitamin may lead to anemia. Assess the role of culture in the choice of vegetarian food Sabine (2012) stated that there exists indefinite number of definitions of culture. Definitions of culture may vary from one person to another. Kroeber et al (1952) defined culture as patterns of behavior gained and transmitted through symbols, consisting of classifiable achievements of human groups including their incarnations in artefacts. Culture consists of traditional values and ideas which historically inferred and selected.Many religions promote a vegetarian lifestyle or diet, for example, Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and Seventh day Adventists(Frankel, 2010) Culture or Religion is an important determinant in ones selection of his own diet as many eastern religions impose a vegetarian diet as compared to many western religions. According to the survey done by the Vegetarian Times (2008), this explains why India has the most vegetarians (400 million, about 40 % of the population ) as compared to the US which is only at 7.3 million. This is explained by Lingam(2010) who states that India has this strong vegetarian culture due to its religions, dating back to 500 BC where the rise of Buddhism and Jainism were teaching non-violence. Today this vegetarian lifestyle is dictated by the influence of and those having a strong belief in their religion such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism or Sikhism which impose a vegetarian diet. 3.1. Hinduism Hinduism is the oldest and the third largest population around the world with over 900 million followers around the world (Magicman,2011). Hindus believe that all living beings have souls and one animal which is sacred and strictly forbidden to eat is the cow (Dowling, 2009). According to Srivastava(2007), all Hindu scriptures praise and glorify nonviolence. And a vegetarian diet as important in the successful practice of worship and in yoga. Hindu dharma generally recommends vegetarianism but it is not a requisite to be a Hindu. Animal flesh is considered the same as the flesh of ones own offspring and to eat this would make one the most despicable of human beings. Moreover she quoted from the Yaj Veda that one must not use his body, which is given by god to kill other of Gods creations whether they are human, animal or whatever. (Srivastava,2007) further adds that according to the Manusmriti, one should abstain from eating any kind of flesh as this is concerned with killing and it involves killing and leads to karmic repercussions and their choice of food brings about consequences. Killing involves giving pain and according to the karmic law of cause and effect he who gives pain will receive that same amount pain. Christianity The bible is divided into the old testament and the new testament. Based upon an analysis of the bible by Zeolla (2005) In the old testament, especially in the Genesis, which refers to the moment god created Adam and Eve and the whole universe where it is stated that god made every tree grow and those which seemed pleasant good for food and commanded that man shall eat from these trees. This section of the bible implies that at that time god wanted men to be vegetarian. However, there are sections in the bible whereby god stated that man can eat as much meat as he wishes, where god provided quails for the Israelites. Moreover, there are many situations in the bible where animal sacrifices where made to god or where he himself asked for an animal sacrifice. Social influences and vegetarianism Culture transmission, in principle can be transmitted from any individual to another(Acerbi,2006). It is common that lots of vegetarian parents expect their children to eat what they eat (Belkin,2009) despite others arguments that the child should decide when he is old enough(Madsen, 2009) or that eating meat is free choice and what you choose to eat is up to you(Vigneault,2008) . (Roth 2012) argued that kids arent scared of veganism and that it is adults who afraid because kids learn when we they are taught. A survey by Katz (2008) and (Berman2011), showed that many of the respondents had become vegans due to the influence of family and friends. It had been reported that the elderlys food choice was because many elderly valued their relationships between spouses or friends over their personal taste preferences (Falk et al . 1996). 4. Determining the effects of the marketing mix on the choice of vegetarian foods 4.1 Product A vegetarian diet is a meal plan that consists of mostly plants such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seeds and nuts, with a small amount of or no animal products(Evert, 2011). According to Porter (2009) there are different types of vegetarian diets. If a person says that he is a vegetarian that could mean many things. In each style of vegetarian diet certain foods that are restricted. Here are a few categories of vegetarianism: A Lacto-vegetarian consumes no animal products except for dairy(Ochel,2008) A vegan or a strict vegetarian does not include any animal-based food products. A vegan lifestyle refers to the exclusion of all animal products, such as leather clothing and even honey because honey requires bees. A vegan diet consists carefully reading the labels of packaged foods before purchasing them to ensure they meet vegan criteria. Stein (2011) An ovo-lacto vegetarian will not eat meat, fish, or poultry or anything which contains eggs but they do consume dairy products. Unlike a vegan like diet, vegetarianism offers more flexibility and lets one enjoy some of the things that they are accustomed to eating. (Miles, 2009) Americans are eating 12 % less meat than they did 5 years ago(Ketzenberger,2012) and less real meat means more fake meat(Nolan,2012.) Fake meats also known as mock meats or faux meat (Sawant,2012) have made a lot of progress in the last ten years(Nolan,2012) to becoming a multi-million dollar industry today(Olsen 2012). Mock meat is a substitute for meat made with ingredients such as tofu soy and wheat gluten to imitate the taste and appearance of real meat(John,2010). Nolan adds that in the last year alone, over 100 new fake meat products have been introduced in the United States, from beef tips to orange chicken,pulled pork. fake sausage and fake burgers. When hippies and many sympathizers sought to reduce or eliminate their meat consumption in the late 1960s tofu was well positioned to grab that market, and between 1925 to 1975 America had 528 commercial tofu makers. As stated by (Mintel 2005) manufacturers are doing their best to make alternatives look like real, and there is little in the packaging to distinguish vegetarian products. Soymilk is available in packaging that is identical to dairy milk, and meat-free hot dogs look the same as their meat-based counterparts. However, taste is a more important factor for consumers, who rejected the earlier less-tasty versions of soymilk and veggie burgers. Since then, technology has improved the flavor of vegetarian products. Also helping is the wider array of products that include flavored versions of soymilk and more complex meat alternative products (e.g. chicken-free Buffalo-style chicken wings). These flavored products mask or disguise the beany flavor that many consumers dislike. Although processed fake meat is not healthy food, in most cases, especially from an animal rights perspective, it is given a pass or is accepted (Striepe,2011). Bittman(2012) believes that it would be very difficult to make people reduce the amount of meat they consume each day, an option which is more tasty to the mind and to the mouth is fake meat. According to (Pratt, 2012) This may bother some vegans, who do not like the idea of fake meats, and perhaps it is bringing fake meats is too realistic. Absolute vegans firmly admonish that it still counts as eating meat in spirit and thus labels them as hypocrites(Rufus,2010). 4.2. Price There is a strong relationship between the increase in price and the demand for vegetables. The price increases in the UK also meant that a lot of people were not buying the fresh fruits and vegetables which they need to for a healthy and nutritious diet(Pouler, 2012). In 2010 the price rises are affected many families in a way that 10 % of the poor families are consuming 25 % less fruit and 15 % less vegetables(Hill, 2012). Sheehan (2012) also argued that the economic situation is making it more costly for people to have a morehealthier meal. The price of healthier foods are increasing at a great speed than the that of the unhealthy foods, for example pizzas and burgers and people are eating less fruits and vegetables than a decade ago and more and more unhealthier foods because of its affordability. People are now looking for a meal that fills the stomach which is the case of most junk food than food that is nutritious. According to MailOnline (2011) when the price of beef and porc had reached records, nothing seemed to have changed regard consumer spending and meat. Moreover, in Kolkata, incessant rains had led to a drastic increase in the price of vegetables which had forced many middle-income families to opt for non-vegetarian meals on their menus(Chawdhuri,2011). (Miser 2011) states that many people hesitate to go for vegetarian meals or to become vegetarians because they believe it is much more costly and expensive. However, she opposed these beliefs by stating that a vegetarian diet is more cost-effective and not too expensive, an argument supported by Greenwood (2011). (Miser 2011) affirms a vegetarian diet is much cheaper in a way that chicken can be substituted by beans which is 60% cheaper that the costs of the latter. A person can save up on the costs of electricity which is used to keep the meat frozen. Moreover when a person is purchasing the meat they are paying for parts which are not comestible such as fat and bones. 4.3. Place How easy it is for one to find vegetarian food on menus depends on what type of vegetarian the person is and where he is(Goodyer,2012) . Being vegetarian can also limit your options when dining out Callahan 2010). According to ONeill (2012) Its much harder for vegans who dont eat eggs or cheese to find something they can eat. Japanese food has options for vegans, however Thai food (Goodyer,2012) and in Korea, where there is no Korean word for vegetarian, and which every meal has animal parts in it. (Kerp,2009).Moreover a lot of wine have animal ingredients added for flavour. Vegetarian wine isnt that hard to find these day and the easiest way is to bring ones own wine although in some restaurants this means paying corkage(ONeill,2012) According to Davis (2011) restaurants dont do vegan food because they believe there is no demand for it. Secondly it is too much of a bother, for example separating equipment that use processed meat (Schuna,2011) with such few vegans and most of them will just look at the menu in the window, or the website, and if they see nothing vegan they go somewhere else instead; If there is only one vegan item on the menu, then the only option is take it or leave it. Bigger restaurants can afford to offer a wide variety so that customers can come back but this may not be the case of the smaller ones. Thirdly, people do not dine out alone, and most vegans have mostly non-vegan friends and family. When theyre deciding where and what to eat the one vegan influences the decision. In this case the restaurant doesnt lose only the one vegan customer, but also their friends and family. 4.4. Promoting a Vegetarian lifestyle 4.4.1 Vegetarian Food Festival The 27th Annual Vegetarian Food Festival in Toronto was attended by more than 25,000 visitors over three days (Alexander 2012) The purpose of the festival is to educate. There were educational speakers, exhibits by health and wellness marketers and many samples of food by local vegetarian restaurants and food companies. All food samples family-friendly event will be completely free of animal products. (Juhng, 2012) 4.4.2 Advertisements Advertisements involving nudity to promote vegetarianism PETA( People for the Ethical treatment of Animals) has become known widely for shocking and offensive advertisements (Bhasin,2011) such as Turn over a new leaf or the Sex with vegetables advert therefore making it very easy to confuse PETA with an organization promoting sex with vegetables(Mahdawi,2012). An ad using sex appeal as a strategy is All Animals Have the Same PartsGo Vegan advertisement. The concept of this ad, featuring Pamela Anderson, is that factory-farmed animals are made of flesh, blood, and bone, just as humans are. They have the same bodily organs, the same five senses, and the same range of emotions, just as humans do.(Schragin,20120). Here, Peta is urging people to see animals as more than just walking entrà ©es and that animals who are raised for their meat have personalities and emotions and form families and friendships when given the opportunity. Factory farms deny animals the things that are natural and of importance to them and instead confining them to fou l and constricted cages. (Croce, 2010) Shocking Advertisements to promote vegetarianism Meet your meat is a video that shocked many(Felip, 2012) and according to Friedrich(2003) it is the most effective tool promoting the cause of veganism. The twelve minutes video is a documentary showing the worst practices in the business which are considered as the standards and according to him there is not a single person who has not been touched when he or she had viewed the video. In the views of (Pettit,2012) shocking depictions of animal abuse have been found to be more effective in videos and in the case of pictures intended results were obtained when effects or graphics found it to were used to a low degree. Advertisements which involve compassion towards animals Why love one but eat the other? is a provocative ad series in Toronto, which was a great success according( Laurie Wilson, Tyler Jamieson, 2012) asking Canadians to be veg and it would seem riders are responding. The ad draws attention to the shocking cruelty faced by animals raised for food in Canada(NEWS,2011). (Runkle,2009)The campaign consisted of over 200 ads and drew attention to the similarities between the animals we call family and the animals we call dinner. The ads would be run would be viewed over 470,000 times per day, hence exposing millions of riders. One of the three ads features an inquisitive puppy and a cheerful piglet side-by-side and asks, Why love one but eat the other? The other two ads feature a fluffy kitten and an equally fluffy baby chick, and an alert Labrador Retriever next to a curious cow. In each case, these heart-warming images are juxtaposed with graphic photographs of the horrific conditions on factory farms where animals are crammed by the thousand s into filthy windowless sheds. Rather than using shock tactics with bloodstained images or nudity, this campaign appeals to peoples sense of compassion and tenderness towards animals(Takeuchi, 2011) (Cheeseman,2009) reports that the strategies of PETAs adverts are based upon focalizing on creating disorder to raise attention. Remorenko (2009) raised the question as to whether these advertisements were effective and put forward that it succeeded in grabbing peoples attention and that 4.4.3 Celebrity Endorsers Vegetarian and vegan celebrities have made a big difference in bringing attention to the harsh realities of the fur and skin industry. So as to reach a larger audience, the support of celebrities is crucial. With the help of celebrities jumping aboard to adopt and promote the vegan lifestyle, the image of vegetarianism has metamorphosed significantly in recent years (Contributor, 2012). Organisations such as Peta have many celebrity endorsers to help promote the cause such as legendary musician Paul McCartney in a campaign to say no thanks to turkey and eating vegan on thanksgiving. (Ciandella, 2012). A survey by (Moran,2011) however revealed that 46% of British people believe that most celebrities who promote charities are doing it to improve their own public image. One of the key determinants of the success of a celebrity endorser as per (Ritchie, 2012) is if the celebrity fits the product. If the relationship between the celebrity, their public image and the product is a positive one, then it could mean product effectiveness. However, if the product a celebrity endorses is a doubtful match, this could hurt the product image or its success; an example is actress Natalie Portman who collaborated with startup Te Cesan to design a line of vegan friendly shoes. The shoes came with a hefty price and according to (Doan, 2008), overpriced. Within a year the company closed down due to poor sales despite one of the biggest names in Hollywood backing their product because no one thinks of vegan shoes when they think of Natalie Portman. Moreover conflicts of interest may arise and backlash. For example supermodel Naomi Campbell posed in adverts for animal rights group PETA, against wearing animal fur, but she later featured in an ad campaign for a luxury New York furrier, and appeared on the catwalk wearing real fur.(Moran,2011). Determining the influence of animal welfare and environmental concern has on the choice for vegetarian food. Animal Concern and the ethical vegetarian One of the most concrete reasons for vegetarian food choice is for ethical reasons(Dragunaite,2011). The concept of ethical vegetarians is, that they want to reduce harm to animals for food or any other reasons. Becoming an ethical vegetarian is a sudden process most of the time. The intent to avoid meat due to feelings of guilt, which results in avoiding the purchase of meat to support their beliefs in animal welfare(Schroder, 2004 ). According to Towell (2011) the decision of many people to not eat meat is motivated by compassion and also because they care for animals and dont want animals to be exploited for any reasons (shoeman,2011). Furthermore many animals in animals die in horrifying conditions in farmhouses and slaughterhouses and when people find out that animals are capable of feeling fear pain and joy they understand that their diet is not consistent with their values (Towell,211). (Owen,2012) further adds that have an intellectual advantage over other species of animals does not give one the right to oppress them but the responsibility to care for them. Vegetarianism and concern for the environment According to Profita (2011) many people give up on meat for environmental reasons. This is explained by (Borden,2007) stating that a non-vegetarian diet is great burden onto our planet and is an inefficient use of resources(80% of agricultural land in America is used to grow food that is used to feed farmed animals) . Even producing beef has a negative impact on the environment as it produces large amounts of heat-trapping gases (Fiala, 2009). Vidal(2010) pointed out many ways in which it is causing harm to the environment. He adds that it is causing deforestation as may trees have been cut down to be converted into farmland. Moreover it is poisoning the earth in a way waste produced by animals are often dumped in lagoons. It is to be noted that a single farm can generate as much waste as an entire city. Finally he states that faming uses up a lot of water as 70% of it is used for faming purposes. However Collin(2010) refutes this belief by stating that soy and lentils could cause mo re harm to the environment and that a switch to tofu and other substitutes could increase the amount of arable land needed. Perception towards vegetarian food Mckeever (2012) http://eater.com/archives/2012/05/17/just-as-everyone-suspected-manly-men-prefer-eating-meat.php Reiner, R.V, 2007, Disadvantages of going veg , http://suite101.com/article/disadvantages-of-going-veg-a13587 AR Psychosocial predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption in adults a review of the literature http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471592# Mintel 2005, pages 85 Vegetarian foods in the United States 2005 http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/305430/vegetarian_foods_in_the_united_states_2005 Parker-Pope, T.P , 2012, The challenge of going vegan Janu, K.J, 2010 , Why do people eat non-vegetarian Why Do People eat non  vegetarian? MacEachern, M.D, 2009 , 10 surprising reasons to eat less meat, http://www.thedailygreen.com/living-green/blogs/green-products-services/vegetarian-47021902 Bender, A.B, 1992, Meat and meat products in developing countries , http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0562e/T0562E00.htm#Contents Pope, T.P, 2010,Tasty vegan food? Cupcakes show it can be done http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/tasty-vegan-food-cupcakes-show-it-can-be-done/ Vigneault, E.V, But meat tastes good, http://www.vegansoapbox.com/but-meat-tastes-good/ Rothgerber, H.G, (2012) Real Men Dont Eat (Vegetable) Quiche: Masculinity and the Justification of Meat , Consumption http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2012-30417-001/ Macari, C.M, 2012, Men eating meat enhance their sense of manhood study reveals, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Men-Eating-Meat-Enhances-Their-Sense-of-Manhood-Study-Reveals-309472.shtml Williams, A.W, 2012, Men think eating meat makes them more manly (and even veggie women think veggie men are wimps) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2236768/New-study-shows-men-think-eating-steak-burgers-bacon-makes-manly.html Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2236768/New-study-shows-men-think-eating-steak-burgers-bacon-makes-manly.html#ixzz2IPzuSkrp Bryner, J.B, 2012, Meat

How to Avoid High Turnover Essay

Employee turnover is a ratio comparison of the number of employees a company must replace in a given time period to the average number of total employees. † In the recent years Operation department of Caulfield Racecourse experienced problems associated with high turnover, which is a pervasive and serious issue resulting in high direct expenditure as well as intangible costs, low performance level and job dissatisfaction. Operation department is looking after large numbers of employees: event managers and supervisors, administration and operation assistants, staff coordinators, caterers, set up teams, cleaners. The problem is not the lack of job applicants: the company receives endless stream of applications. The problem is that the quality employees are hard to keep. The talented employees do not stay for long before they get employed somewhere else. As an Operation Manager Executive Assistant the author has been asked to examine and analyse factors that may impact on staff turnover. Applying a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques (form of structured questionnaire) to determine the reasons why workers leave their jobs at Operation department, this research tries to identify the root causes of job dissatisfaction leading to turnover and provides managerial implications that may assist managers in dealing with labor-related risks. 1. 1 Objectives This report is identified to achieve the following objectives: 1. To identify general factors that may cause high turnover within Operation department. 2. To examine and analyse levels of staff job satisfaction. 3. To suggest some measures in order to improve overall job satisfaction, performance and reduce high turnover. 1. 2 Methodology * Structured questionnaire (consist of multiple choices, ranking and descriptive questions). The survey method was selected to gather primary data by administering the structured questionnaire among the employee in Operation department of Caulfield racecourse. The questionnaire is chosen because of its simplicity and reliability. We can expect a straight answer, which is directly related to the questions asked. Interpretation of data under this can also be done correctly. An organisation perceived to be in economic difficulty will also raise the specter of impending layoffs. Workers believe that it is rational to seek other employment. 3. The organisational culture. Much has been written about organisational culture. It is sufficient to note here that the reward system, the strength of leadership, the ability of the organisations to elicit a sense of commitment on the part of workers, and its development of a sense of shared goals, among other factors, will influence such indices of job satisfaction as turnover intentions and turnover rate. . The characteristics of the job. Some jobs are intrinsically more attractive than others. A job’s attractiveness will be affected by many characteristics, including its repetitiveness, challenge, danger, perceived importance, and capacity to elicit a sense of accomplishment. A job’s status is also important, as are many other factors. 5. Unrealistic expectations. Another factor is the unrealistic exp ectations and general lack of knowledge that many job applicants have about the job at the time that they receive an offer. When these unrealistic expectations are not realised, the worker becomes disillusioned and decides to quit. 6. Demographics. Empirical studies have demonstrated that turnover is associated in particular situations with demographic and biographical characteristics of workers. But to use lifestyle factors (e. g. smoking) or past employment history (e. g. many job changes) as an explicit basis for screening applicants, it is important for legality and fairness to job applicants to verify such biodata empirically. 7. The person. In addition to the factors listed above, there are also factors specific to the ndividual that can influence turnover rates. These include both personal and trait-based factors. Personal factors include things such as changes in family situation, a desire to learn a new skill or trade, or an unsolicited job offer. In addition to these personal factors, there are also trait-based or personality features that are associated with turnover. These traits are some of t he same characteristics that predict job performance and counterproductive behaviors such as loafing, absenteeism, theft, substance abuse on the job, and sabotage of employer’s equipment or production. These traits can be measured and used in employee screening to identify individuals showing lower probability of turnover. It is important to note that the factors we have listed above can be classified as being within or beyond the control of the employing organisation. In order to actively participate in reducing costs associated with turnover, organisations need to identify those factors over which they do have some control and initiate necessary changes to reduce turnover attributable to these â€Å"controllable† factors.